Nkhondo zazikulu zaumba mbiri ya anthu ndipo zatiphunzitsa maphunziro ambiri ofunika ponena za kulimba mtima, kulimba mtima ndi mtengo wa mtendere. Nkhondo imodzi yotereyi inali Nkhondo ya Gallipoli (Gelibolu) yomwe tsopano ndi Turkey pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse. Nkhondo ya Gallipoli tsopano ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Turkey komanso malo otchuka kwa anthu okonda mbiri komanso ofunafuna ulendo.
Nkhondo ya Gallipoli inachitika mu 1915 monga gawo lachiwopsezo chachikulu chogonjetsa Dardanelles ndi Black Sea. Ngakhale kuti mayiko ogwirizana anayesetsa kuchita chiwembu chodzidzimutsa, iwo analephera kugonjetsa asilikali a ku Turkey ndipo pomalizira pake anakakamizika kubwerera kwawo. Nkhondoyi inatha pafupifupi chaka ndipo inapha asilikali oposa 100.000 mbali zonse ziwiri.
Masiku ano, Nkhondo ya Gallipoli ndi chizindikiro cha mtendere ndipo imatikumbutsa za ankhondo ambiri omwe anapereka moyo wawo kuteteza dziko lawo. Pali malo ambiri oti mupite ku Turkey omwe angakupatseni chidziwitso chozama cha zochitika ndi zotsatira za nkhondoyi. Nazi zina mwazokopa zazikulu:
- Chikumbutso: Chipilala cha Ataturk chimakumbukira mtsogoleri wamkulu waku Turkey Mustafa Kemal Ataturk yemwe adamenya nawo nkhondo ya Gallipoli ndipo adathandizira kwambiri chitetezo cha dzikoli. Ili pamalo owoneka bwino okhala ndi mawonedwe odabwitsa a nyanja.
- Anzac Cove: Malo otchuka odziwika bwino komanso gombe pomwe asitikali a Anzac adafika mu 1915. Chikumbutso cha Anzac Cove ndi chimodzi mwa zipilala zodziwika bwino za peninsula ndipo zimakumbukira asilikali a Anzac omwe anamenyana pano. Ili pamphepete mwa nyanja pomwe Anzacs adafika mu 1915.
- Canakkale Martyrs Memorial (Çanakkale Şehittleri Anıtı): Chipilala chachikulu chokumbukira asitikali aku Turkey omwe adamwalira pankhondo ya Gallipoli. The Canakkale Martyrs Monument ndi chipilala chachikulu choperekedwa kwa asitikali aku Turkey omwe adamwalira pankhondo ya Gallipoli. Imakhala paphiri pamwamba pa ngalande ya Dardanelles ndipo imapereka malingaliro odabwitsa a madera ozungulira.
- Chunuk Bair Memorial: Chikumbutso chokumbukira anthu aku New Zealand omwe adamenya nawo nkhondo kuno. Chikumbutso cha Chunuk Bair ndi chikumbutso chinanso chofunika kwambiri pachilumbachi, chokumbukira anthu a ku New Zealand amene anamenya nawo nkhondo kuno. Ili pa phiri lomwe linali lofunika kwambiri pa nthawi ya nkhondo.
- Manda a Lone Pine: Manda a Lone Pine ndi manda omwe amakhala ndi asitikali ambiri aku Australia ndi New Zealand omwe adamwalira pankhondo ya Gallipoli. Ndi chikumbutso chogwira mtima cha ntchito za ngwazi za asitikali awa komanso malo okumbukira ndi kusinkhasinkha.
- Cabatepe War Museum: Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yoperekedwa ku mbiri ya Nkhondo ya Gallipoli.
- Manda a ku Beach: Manda kumene otsalira a asilikali ambiri a ku Britain omwe anamwalira pa nkhondo ya Gallipoli aikidwa.
- Helles Memorial: Chikumbutso chokumbukira asitikali aku Britain ndi France omwe adamenya nawo nkhondo pano.
- Sari Bair Range: Malo abwino, adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa Nkhondo ya Gallipoli.
- Gallipoli History Museum: Imodzi mwa malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ofunikira kwambiri pachilumbachi, Gallipoli History Museum imapereka chithunzithunzi chambiri cha mbiri ya kampeni ya Gallipoli. Ili ndi zolemba zambiri, zithunzi, mamapu, ndi zinthu zakale zomwe zikuwonetsa zochitika zankhondo.
- Canakkale Martyrdom Museum: Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yofunika kwambiri pachilumbachi, Canakkale Martyrdom Museum imafotokoza nkhani ya kampeni ya Gallipoli ndi zomwe asitikali aku Turkey adachita. Imakhala ndi zinthu zakale, zolemba ndi zithunzi zomwe zikuwonetsa malingaliro aku Turkey pankhondoyo.
- Anzac Cove Visitor Center: Anzac Cove Visitor Center ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yoperekedwa ku Anzac Beach, yomwe inathandiza kwambiri pa nkhondo ya Gallipoli. Apa mutha kuphunzira za zomwe zidachitika pano, komanso mbiri ya Anzac Corps ambiri.
- Manda a Ariburnu: Manda a Ariburnu ndi manda ankhondo omwe amakumbukira asitikali aku Britain ndi France omwe adamwalira pankhondo ya Gallipoli. Ili pafupi ndi Anzac Cove, ndi gawo lofunikira pankhondo yankhondo.
- Manda a Nek: Manda a Nek ndi manda ang'onoang'ono ankhondo omwe amakumbukira asitikali aku Australia omwe adamwalira pachiwopsezo chodziwika bwino cha hussar panthawi ya kampeni ya Gallipoli.
Mawebusaitiwa amapatsa alendo chidziwitso cha mbiri ya msonkhano wa Gallipoli ndikulola alendo kukumbukira zochitika za asilikali omwe adamenyana pano. Kuyendera Gallipoli Peninsula ndizosangalatsa komanso mwayi wapadera wodziwa mbiri yakale komanso zochitika zankhondo zankhondo yofunikayi.
Nkhondo ya Gallipoli
Nkhondo ya Gallipoli inali nkhondo yaikulu m'chigawo cha Dardanelles ku Turkey pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Gulu logwirizana la Britain, France ndi Australia linamenyana ndi Ufumu wa Ottoman kuti lilamulire Bosphorus ndikutsegula mwayi wopita ku Black Sea ndi Russia. Nkhondoyi inatha kuyambira 1915 mpaka 1916 ndipo inatha mu chigonjetso cha Ottoman.
Osewera a Nkhondo ya Gallipoli
Anthu aku Turkey: Pamsonkhano wa Gallipoli mu 1915, a Turks anali oteteza dziko lawo polimbana ndi magulu ankhondo a Allied kuphatikizapo British, Australia ndi New Zealanders. Motsogozedwa ndi General Mustafa Kemal (yemwe pambuyo pake anadzatchedwa Atatürk), gulu lankhondo la Turkey linamenya nkhondo molimba mtima ndi mwaukali polimbana ndi mavuto aakulu.
Ngakhale kuti anthu a ku Turkey anavulala kwambiri, potsirizira pake anthu a ku Turkey anakana kuukirako ndipo anapitirizabe kulamulira dziko lawo. Nkhondo ya Gallipoli inali nthawi yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Turkey, umboni wa kulimba mtima ndi kutsimikiza mtima kwa oteteza Turkey.
Anthu a ku Turks akupezekanso ku chilumba cha Gallipoli kudzera mndandanda wa zipilala ndi zikumbutso zoperekedwa kwa ankhondo awo omwe adagwa. Chimodzi mwa zipilalazi ndi chipilala cha Turkey, chomwe chimakumbukira asilikali olimba mtima a ku Turkey omwe anagwa pankhondo.
Chaka chilichonse pa Marichi 18, anthu aku Turkey amakondwerera Tsiku la Asitikali aku Turkey kulemekeza ngwazi zawo zankhondo zomwe zidagwa komanso kuthokoza chifukwa chachitetezo chawo. Nkhondo ya Gallipoli inalimbikitsanso anthu a ku Turks kuti adziwe dziko lawo komanso kunyada ndipo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la chikhalidwe chawo.
- Germany: Kumbali ya Germany ya mkangano, Germany inali bwenzi lalikulu la Ufumu wa Ottoman. Magawo angapo aku Germany adachita nawo kampeni ya Gallipoli, kuphatikiza Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo Laku Germany lomwe limateteza Bosphorus ndi kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean. Lero mutha kuyendera ena mwamasamba ndi zikumbutso kumbali yaku Germany kuti mumvetse bwino zomwe Germany idachita pankhondoyi.
- British: Great Britain anali amodzi mwa mayiko akuluakulu omwe adachita nawo kampeni ya Gallipoli mu 1915. Pamodzi ndi ogwirizana nawo, kuphatikiza aku Australia ndi New Zealanders, adayesa kulanda Dardanelles ndikuwongolera zovutazo kuti apatse mphamvu zankhondo zaku Russia mwachangu kupita kummawa. Asilikali a ku Britain, motsogozedwa ndi General Ian Hamilton, adamenya nkhondo molimba mtima koma adagonjetsedwa ndi zovuta zankhondo ndi oteteza Turkey. Ngakhale zinali choncho, iwo anakhalabe pabwalo lankhondo mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondoyo, akuvutika kwambiri. A British analiponso ku Gallipoli Peninsula kupyolera mu zipilala ndi zikumbutso zoperekedwa kwa asilikali awo omwe adagwa. Chikumbutso chimodzi chotere ndi Manda a Lone Pine, operekedwa kwa asitikali aku Britain ndi Australia omwe adagwa pankhondo. Ndilo tsamba lofunikira kwa a Britons ndi mbadwa zawo omwe akufuna kuphunzira mbiri ya makolo awo.
- Winston Churchill, Pambuyo pake Pulezidenti wa ku Britain, adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pokonzekera ndi kutsata ndondomeko ya Gallipoli. Monga Mbuye Woyamba wa Admiralty, Churchill anali ndi udindo wokonzekera bwino komanso kulamulira magulu ankhondo a Allied panthawi ya nkhondo. Ngakhale kuti nkhondoyi inkaonedwa kuti ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Allies, Churchill sanazengereze udindo wa kukonzekera kwake ndipo anatenga zotsatira za ntchito yake. Komabe, pambuyo pa udindo wake monga Prime Minister adathandizira kutsogolera Britain pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.
- Wa ku Australia: Anthu aku Australia anali dziko lalikulu lomwe lidachita nawo kampeni ya Gallipoli mu 1915. Pamodzi ndi ogwirizana, kuphatikizapo a British ndi New Zealanders, adamenyana ndi asilikali a Turkey kuti agwire Dardanelles ndikuwongolera zovutazo. Asilikali a ku Australia motsogoleredwa ndi General William Birdwood anamenya nkhondo molimba mtima ndipo anavulala kwambiri panthawi yonse ya nkhondoyi. Komabe, iwo anakhalabe pabwalo lankhondo ndipo anathandizira chitetezo mpaka mapeto a nkhondoyo. Anthu aku Australia alinso ndi kupezeka pa Gallipoli Peninsula kudzera pazipilala ndi zikumbutso zolemekeza kugwa kwawo. Manda a Anzac Cove ndi chikumbutso chimodzi chotere, choperekedwa kwa asitikali aku Australia ndi New Zealand omwe adafera kunkhondo. Ndi malo ofunikira kwa anthu aku Australia ndi mbadwa zawo omwe akufuna kuphunzira mbiri ya makolo awo. Chaka chilichonse pa Tsiku la Anzac, Epulo 25, anthu aku Australia amakumbukira ngwazi zawo zankhondo zomwe zidagwa ndi mndandanda wa zikondwerero ndi miyambo pa Gallipoli Peninsula ndi ku Australia konse. Tsikuli ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la mbiri yakale ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Australia komanso umboni wa kulimba mtima ndi kudzipereka kwa anthu aku Australia.
- Anthu aku New Zealand: Mofanana ndi anthu a ku Australia, anthu a ku New Zealand anali otsogolera pa Gallipoli Campaign ya 1915. Anamenyana ndi ogwirizana nawo monga Australian ndi British pamodzi ndi oteteza Turkey kuti agwire Dardanelles ndikuwongolera Straits. Asilikali a ku New Zealand, motsogozedwa ndi General Alexander Godley, anamenya nkhondo molimba mtima ndipo anavulala kwambiri panthawi yonse ya nkhondoyo. Komabe, iwo anakhalabe pabwalo lankhondo ndipo anathandizira chitetezo mpaka mapeto a nkhondoyo. Anthu aku New Zealand alinso ndi kupezeka pa Gallipoli Peninsula kudzera pazikumbutso ndi zikumbutso zolemekeza omwe adagwa. Chimodzi mwa zikumbutsozi ndi Chikumbutso cha Chunuk Bair, choperekedwa kwa asilikali a New Zealand omwe adagwa pankhondo. Ndi malo ofunikira kwa anthu aku New Zealand ndi mbadwa zawo omwe akufuna kuphunzira mbiri ya makolo awo. Chaka chilichonse pa Epulo 25, Tsiku la Anzac, New Zealanders amakumbukira ngwazi zawo zankhondo zomwe zidagwa ndi zikondwerero ndi miyambo yambiri ku Gallipoli Peninsula komanso ku New Zealand. Tsikuli ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la mbiri yakale ndi chikhalidwe cha New Zealand komanso umboni wa kulimba mtima ndi kudzipereka kwa anthu a ku New Zealand.
- Achirasha: Anthu a ku Russia sanalowe nawo mwachindunji ku Gallipoli Campaign ya 1915, koma anali ogwirizana nawo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Russia inagwirizana ndi Britain, France ndi mayiko ena a ku Ulaya ndipo inamenyana ndi Allies, kuphatikizapo Germany ndi Austria-Hungary. Ngakhale kuti anthu a ku Russia sanalowe nawo mwachindunji pamwambo wa Gallipoli, kumenyana kwawo ku Eastern Front kunakhudza kwambiri zochitika zina, kuphatikizapo Gallipoli. Kupyolera mu chopereka chake kunkhondo, dziko la Russia linamenyera ufulu ndi kudziyimira pawokha ndipo linathandiza kwambiri kuti mayiko ogwirizana apambane. Masiku ano, ku Russia kuli zipilala zambiri zokumbukira zochitika zamphamvu ndi nsembe pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Chaka chilichonse pa May 9, Tsiku Lopambana, boma la Russia ndiponso anthu amakumbukira anthu amene anamenya nawo nkhondoyo.
Paulendo wanu, mutha kuphunzira zambiri za Churchill ndi gawo lake mu kampeni ya Gallipoli poyendera zipilala zosiyanasiyana ndi zikumbutso zokumbukira zomwe adachita komanso zomwe adachita. Izi zitha kukupatsani kumvetsetsa mozama za mbiri yakale ya Churchill ndi ntchito yake yandale.
Nkhondo ya Gallipoli inali mkangano ndi otenga nawo mbali ambiri mbali zonse ziwiri. Ogwirizana anali a British, French ndi Australia, pamene Ottomans ankathandizidwa ndi asilikali a Turkey ndi ogwirizana ndi Germany. Aliyense wa osewerawa adachita gawo lapadera powongolera ndewuyi ndipo adakhudza kwambiri zotsatira zake.
Paulendowu, mutha kudziwa zambiri za osewera osiyanasiyana poyendera zikumbutso ndi zikumbutso zosiyanasiyana, ndikuphunziranso nkhani za msilikali aliyense komanso zomwe adakumana nazo. Izi zimakupatsani kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa kukula ndi kukula kwa mkanganowo ndikukupatsani chidziwitso cha kulimba mtima ndi kudzipereka kwa asilikali onse omwe akukhudzidwa.
Mukamapita ku Gallipoli Peninsula, pali zinthu zingapo zomwe muyenera kukumbukira kuti ulendowu ukhale wosaiwalika.
Nawa malangizo ena:
- Sankhani nthawi yabwino yoyendera: Nthawi yabwino yoyendera Gallipoli Peninsula ndi masika kapena autumn, pamene nyengo imakhala yabwino komanso malo ali pachimake.
- Konzekerani ulendo wanu pasadakhale: Perekani nthawi yokwanira kuti muwone zonse zowoneka ndikukonzekera ulendo wanu pasadakhale kuti musakhumudwe.
- Valani zovala ndi nsapato zabwino chifukwa zina zokopa zimakhala zovuta kuzipeza.
- Phunzirani za mbiri ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi nkhondo ya Gallipoli musanayambe ulendo wanu kuti mumvetse bwino.
- Musaiwale kubweretsa madzi okwanira ndi zoteteza ku dzuwa chifukwa nyengo ku Turkey ikhoza kukhala yotentha komanso yowuma.
- Ndi zoyendera za anthu onse: Pali mabasi okhazikika ochokera Istanbul kupita ku Canakkale komwe mungakwere boti kupita ku Gallipoli.
- Sungani Ulendo Wotsogolera: Ulendo wotsogoleredwa ungakuthandizeni kuti mupindule kwambiri ndi ulendo wanu ndikuphunzira zambiri za mbiri ndi kufunika kwa nkhondo ya Gallipoli.
Kodi ndifika bwanji ku Gallipoli?
Ngati mukufuna kufufuza mbiri ndi zochitika za Nkhondo ya Gallipoli, pali njira zingapo zoyendera zomwe zilipo. Njira yodziwika kwambiri ndi galimoto, chifukwa imakupatsirani ufulu wowonera zomwe mumakonda. Mutha kusungitsanso maulendo a basi ndi taxi kuchokera ku Istanbul.
Ndalama zolowera komanso nthawi yotsegulira Gallipoli, Türkiye
Chikuonetseratu zokopa kwambiri pa Gallipoli Peninsula ndi ufulu. Komabe, pali zina zomwe muyenera kulipira ndalama zolowera, monga B. Cabatepe War Museum.
Zokopa za Gallipoli Peninsula nthawi zambiri zimatsegulidwa kuyambira m'mawa mpaka madzulo, koma ndi bwino kuyang'ana nthawi yeniyeni yotsegulira musanapite chifukwa izi zimatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi ya chaka komanso nyengo.
Ulendo wopita ku Gallipoli Peninsula uyenera kukonzedwa bwino kuti muwone zambiri zowoneka mu nthawi yochepa. Mfundo yabwino ndiyo kuyamba m'mawa kwambiri ndikukhala tsiku lonse mukusangalala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana musanabwerenso madzulo.
Mafunso ndi Mayankho 10 Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri Okhudza Nkhondo ya Gallipoli ku Turkey: Zonse Zomwe Muyenera Kudziwa
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Kodi Nkhondo ya Gallipoli inachitika liti?
Nkhondo ya Gallipoli inachitika pakati pa April 25, 1915 ndi January 9, 1916.
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Kodi Nkhondo ya Gallipoli idachitikira kuti?
Nkhondo ya Gallipoli inachitika pa Gallipoli Peninsula ku Turkey Turkey.
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Kodi maphwandowo anali ndani?
Maphwando omwe anali nawo anali Allies, omwe anali a British, French ndi Australians, ndi Ottomans, mothandizidwa ndi asilikali a Turkey ndi ogwirizana ndi Germany.
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Nchifukwa chiyani nkhondo ya Gallipoli inamenyedwa?
Nkhondo ya Gallipoli inamenyedwa kuti azilamulira Dardanelles ndikupeza mwayi wopita ku Black Sea kuti athandize Russia kulowa mu nkhondo.
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Kodi Allied Commander anali ndani?
Mtsogoleri wa Allied anali General Ian Hamilton.
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Kodi mtsogoleri wa Ottoman anali ndani?
Mtsogoleri wa Ottoman anali Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
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Kodi zotsatira za nkhondoyo zinali zotani?
Chotsatira cha nkhondoyi chinali kugonjetsedwa kwa Allies ndi kupambana kwa Ottoman.
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Kodi tanthauzo la Nkhondo ya Gallipoli ku Turkey linali chiyani?
Nkhondo ya Gallipoli inali yofunika kwambiri ku Turkey chifukwa imatengedwa ngati chizindikiro cha dziko lachigonjetso motsutsana ndi Allies ndi kusunga ufulu.
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Kodi tanthauzo la Nkhondo ya Gallipoli kwa Allies linali chiyani?
Nkhondo ya Gallipoli inali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwa Allies chifukwa inachititsa kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali ndipo inawononga miyoyo yambiri ya asilikali.
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Kodi mungafufuze bwanji Nkhondo ya Gallipoli?
Munthu akhoza kufufuza Nkhondo ya Gallipoli poyendera zipilala zosiyanasiyana ndi zikumbutso zokumbukira mkanganowo komanso kuyendera midzi yomwe inali yofunika kwambiri pa nkhondoyi.
Mwachidule, Gallipoli Peninsula imapereka mwayi wapadera wofufuza ndikumvetsetsa mutu wofunikira m'mbiri ya dziko. Kuchokera ku zipilala zakale ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale kupita ku malo ochititsa chidwi komanso malo owonetsera nkhondo, peninsula imapereka zokumana nazo zosaiŵalika zapaulendo kwa aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi mbiri komanso nkhondo.
