IHagia Sophia e-Istanbul: Umsebenzi wobugcisa wokwakha kunye nembali
UHagia Sophia, owaziwa ngokuba yi-Ayasofya, sesinye sezona zakhiwo zinomtsalane nezibalulekileyo e-Istanbul kunye nophawu lwembali yaseByzantine kunye ne-Ottoman. Lo msebenzi wobugcisa wokwakha utsala izigidi zeendwendwe ezivela kwihlabathi liphela minyaka le.
Imvelaphi yembali
- Ekuqaleni icawa: IHagia Sophia yakhiwa njengecawa yamaKristu ngenkulungwane yesi-6 phantsi koMlawuli waseByzantium uJustinian I yaye yayiyeyona cawa inkulu kwiNgqobhoko phantse iwaka leminyaka.
- Ukuguqulwa kwimosque: Emva kokuba i-Ottoman inqobe iConstantinople ngo-1453, yaguqulwa yaba yi-mosque, kunye neempawu ezininzi zobuKristu ezithatyathelwa indawo ngamaSilamsi.
- Iwonga lanamhlanje njengemyuziyam: Kwi-1935, uHagia Sophia waguqulwa waba yimyuziyam ngokwemiyalelo kaMustafa Kemal Ataturk, umsunguli weTurkey yanamhlanje. Ngo-2020 yaguqulwa yaba yi-mosque kwakhona, kodwa ihlala ivulekele iindwendwe.
Iimpawu zezakhiwo
- Idome enomtsalane: Idome esembindini yeHagia Sophia yenye yezona zinto zimangalisayo zezakhiwo zakudala kwaye yayiyeyona inkulu kwihlabathi kangangeenkulungwane.
- I-mosaics kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa: Ngaphakathi, i-Byzantine mosaics kunye ne-Islamic calligraphy zihlala kunye kwaye zibonisa imbali ekhethekileyo yesakhiwo.
- Impembelelo yezakhiwo: UHagia Sophia uphembelele uninzi lwezinye iimosque kunye neecawe kuwo wonke umhlaba wamaSilamsi kunye nobuKristu kwaye uthathwa njengowona mzekelo mkhulu woyilo lweByzantine.
Intsingiselo yenkcubeko nenkolo
- Uphawu lomanyano: I-Hagia Sophia ifanekisela uxhulumaniso phakathi kweByzantium yamaKristu kunye noBukhosi base-Ottoman yamaSilamsi kwaye imele imbali ecebileyo kunye neyinkimbinkimbi ye-Istanbul.
- Utsalo lwezotyelelo: Njengolunye lweendawo ezityelelwe kakhulu kwaye zifotwe e-Istanbul, itsala abakhenkethi abayixabisayo imbali nentsingiselo yayo yokomoya.
Ulwazi lwabatyeleli
- ukufikeleleka: IHagia Sophia ivulelekile kwiindwendwe, nangona iindawo ezithile zingavalwa ngeenjongo zonqulo ngamaxesha athile.
- I-Lage: Ifumaneka kwisithili saseSultanahmet esiyimbali, ifikeleleka ngokulula ngezithuthi zikawonke-wonke okanye umgama wokuhamba ukusuka kwezinye iindawo ezinomtsalane kwindawo.
UHagia Sophia ayisiyonto nje yobugcisa bokwakha, kodwa ikwabubungqina obuphilayo bembali etyebileyo ye-Istanbul. Idibanisa ubugcisa, inkcubeko kunye nenkolo yezikumkani ezimbini ezinkulu kwisakhiwo kunye nembali kwaye ihlala iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yelifa lenkcubeko yesixeko.
Iinyani ezinomdla malunga noHagia Sophia e-Istanbul
Umsebenzi wobugcisa wokwakha kunye nomqondiso wembali we-Istanbul, uHagia Sophia uzele ngamabali anomdla kunye neempawu. Nazi iinyani ezinomdla eziqaqambisa ukohluka kolu lwakhiwo:
- Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-1500 ubudala: I-original Hagia Sophia yakhiwa emva kwe-360 AD, iyenza enye yezona zakhiwo ezindala ezimileyo emhlabeni.
- Isazisi esitshintshayo: UHagia Sophia waqala ukukhonza njengecawa, kamva waguqulwa waba yi-mosque kwaye ekugqibeleni wajika waba yimyuziyam. Ngo-2020 yaba yi-mosque esebenzayo kwakhona.
- Ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha: IHagia Sophia yayiyeyona cathedral inkulu ehlabathini xa yagqitywayo ngo-537 AD kwaye yahlala injalo phantse iminyaka eyi-1000. Idome yayo enkulu yayiyimvakalelo yolwakhiwo kwaye yaba nefuthe kwizakhiwo ezininzi ezalandelayo.
- Iinyikima nokwakhiwa ngokutsha: Isakhiwo sokuqala sonakaliswa ziinyikima kwaye sakhiwa kwakhona izihlandlo ezininzi, kutshanje ngenkulungwane ye-6 phantsi koMlawuli uJustinian I.
- Iimosaic zaseByzantine: Ngaphakathi kweHagia Sophia kukho eyona mizekelo ibalulekileyo yobugcisa beMosaic yaseByzantium, ebonisa imifanekiso yonqulo lobuKristu.
- Iimpawu zamaSilamsi: Emva kokunqotshwa kweConstantinople, izinto zamaSilamsi zongezwa, kubandakanywa i-minarets, i-mihrab, kunye neepaneli ze-calligraphy.
- I-Acoustics kunye nemidlalo elula: UHagia Sophia uyaziwa ngokuba yi-acoustics ekhethekileyo kunye nemidlalo yokukhanya eyenziwe ngamafestile angama-40 kwidome.
- Iimfihlo ezifihliweyo: Isakhiwo sineekona ezininzi ezifihliweyo kunye neemfihlo, kubandakanywa amangcwaba, amagumbi angaphantsi komhlaba kunye nezinto ezilahlekileyo.
- Uphawu lokudibanisa: IHagia Sophia ime njengophawu lokudityaniswa kweenkcubeko zobuKristu kunye nezamaSilamsi kunye nembali etyebileyo ye-Istanbul.
- Indawo yeLifa leMveli ye-UNESCO: Njengenxalenye yendawo yembali ye Istanbul UHagia Sophia uyinxalenye yeSiza seLifa leMveli le-UNESCO.
IHagia Sophia ayingommangaliso woyilo kuphela kodwa ikwangubungqina bembali entsonkothileyo ye-Istanbul kunye neyantlukwano yenkcubeko kwaye iseyeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo yesixeko.
Imbali kaHagia Sophia e-Istanbul
Ixesha lamaRoma
- Imvelaphi yaseByzantium: Imbali ye-Istanbul iqala ngokusekwa kweByzantium ngabaphambukeli bamaGrike ngenkulungwane ye-7 BC. Kamva esi sixeko saba yinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRoma.
- constantinople: Ngo-330 AD, esi sixeko sakhiwa ngokutsha njenge "Roma Entsha" nguMlawuli uConstantine Omkhulu waza wabizwa ngokuba yiConstantinople, yaba likomkhulu loBukhosi baseRoma.
Ixesha laseByzantine
- Ikomkhulu loBukhosi baseMpuma baseRoma: Emva kokwahlulwa koBukhosi baseRoma, iConstantinople yaba likomkhulu leMpuma yaseRoma okanye yaseByzantium.
- Intsingiselo yenkolo: IConstantinople yaba liziko lobuKristu bobuOthodoki kwaye yayilikhaya lezakhiwo zecawa ezibalulekileyo, kuquka uHagia Sophia.
- Bloom kunye nemingeni: Ixesha laseByzantium libonakaliswe ngokuchuma kwenkcubeko, kodwa kunye neengxabano zezopolitiko kunye nokuhlaselwa kwangaphandle, njengexesha leeMfazwe zomnqamlezo.
Ixesha le-Ottoman
- Uloyiso lweOttoman: Ngowe-1453, uSultan Mehmed II woyisa iConstantinople, eyayiphawula ukuphela koBukhosi baseByzantium. Isixeko sabizwa ngokuba yi-Istanbul kwaye yaba likomkhulu loBukhosi base-Ottoman.
- Uphuhliso lwezakhiwo: Ngaphantsi kolawulo lwe-Ottoman, ii-mosque ezininzi, iibhotwe kunye nezinye izakhiwo zakhiwe ezazilawula i-cityscape, kuquka i-Blue Mosque kunye ne-Topkapi Palace.
- Iiyantlukwano zenkcubeko nezenkolo: UBukhosi base-Ottoman babusaziwa ngokunyamezela inkolo nenkcubeko. I-Istanbul yaba liziko lezizwe ngezizwe apho zazihlala khona iintlanga neenkolo ezahlukeneyo.
IRiphabhliki yaseTurkey
- Ukusekwa kweRiphabhlikhi: Emva kokuwa koBukhosi base-Ottoman kunye neMfazwe yaseTurkey yokuzimela, iRiphabhliki yaseTurkey yasungulwa ngo-1923 phantsi kwe-Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
- Ukufuduswa kwekomkhulu: UAtatürk wasusa ikomkhulu ukusuka e-Istanbul ukuya Ankara, ukuyila ikomkhulu lale mihla nelibekwe kwindawo esembindini.
- Uphuculo kunye nelifa lenkcubeko: Ngexesha leRiphabhlikhi, i-Istanbul yafumana iiprojekthi ezibalulekileyo zenguqu ngelixa igcina imbali yayo kunye nenkcubeko yelifa.
- Intsingiselo yanamhlanje: Namhlanje i-Istanbul sesona sixeko sikhulu saseTurkey kunye neziko elibalulekileyo lenkcubeko, ezoqoqosho kunye nabakhenkethi, ebonisa imbali yayo ende kunye neyohlukeneyo.
Imali yokungena yeHagia Sophia, amatikiti kunye nokhenketho
Imali yokungena
- Ukungena simahla: Njenge-mosque esebenzayo, ukungena eHagia Sophia kukhululekile kuzo zonke iindwendwe. Akukho mali yokungena.
Iikitikiti
- Akukho matikiti afunekayo: Kuba akukho mali yokungena, akukho matikiti afunekayo ukuze ungene eHagia Sophia.
Ukhenketho olukhokelwayo
- Ukhenketho lwabucala kunye neqela: Nangona ukungena kusimahla, iindwendwe zinokubhukisha iindwendwe ezikhokelwayo ukuze zifunde ngakumbi ngembali kunye nokubaluleka kukaHagia Sophia. Abakhenkethi abahlukeneyo banikezela ngokhenketho olukhokelwayo, oluhlala lufumaneka ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo.
- Combo tours: Kukwakho ukhenketho lwe-combo olubandakanya uHagia Sophia kunye nezinye izinto ezinomtsalane e-Istanbul ezifana neTopkapi Palace kunye neBlue Mosque.
Iingcebiso zokundwendwela
- kuvulwa: UHagia Sophia uvulelekile kwiindwendwe ezingaphandle kwamaxesha omthandazo. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ujonge amaxesha okuvula angoku, ngakumbi ngexesha leeholide zonqulo kunye nemisitho.
- Indlela yokunxiba: Ekubeni uHagia Sophia yi-mosque esebenzayo, iindwendwe kufuneka zigcine ikhowudi yokunxiba efanelekileyo. Abafazi kufuneka bagqume iinwele zabo kwaye amadoda nabafazi bafanele bagqume amagxa kunye namadolo.
- Ukuziphatha ngembeko: Abatyeleli kufuneka bathule kwaye bahloniphe ngamaxesha omthandazo kwaye balandele imiyalelo yabasebenzi.
Ngoku yi-mosque esebenzayo, uHagia Sophia unikezela ngamava angalibalekiyo njengenye yezona ndawo zinembali kunye neendawo ezinomtsalane e-Istanbul. Ukungena kwasimahla kuvumela wonke umntu ukuba abe namava esi sakhiwo singaqhelekanga, ngelixa iindwendwe ezikhokelwayo zibonelela ngemibono eyongezelelweyo kwimbali yayo etyebileyo.
Izinto ezinomtsalane kwindawo
Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinomdla kunye neendawo zembali onokuziphonononga malunga neHagia Sophia e-Istanbul. Nazi ezinye zazo:
- Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmed Mosque): Ibekwe ngqo ecaleni kweHagia Sophia, le mosque imangalisayo inethayile eluhlaza ngumsebenzi wobugcisa wokwakha.
- Ibhotwe laseTopkapi: Isihlalo sangaphambili se-Ottoman Sultans likhaya kwingqokelela enomtsalane yobuncwane kunye nezinto zakudala zembali.
- Iqula le-Basilica: Eli qula lingaphantsi komhlaba lisakhiwo esinomdla ukususela kwixesha laseByzantine kwaye linika umoya okhethekileyo.
- Ipaki yaseGulhane: Ipaki eluhlaza phakathi kwesixeko, ilungele ukuhamba ngokukhululeka okanye ipikniki.
- Istanbul Archaeological Museum: Apha ungajonga ingqokelela enomtsalane yezinto zakudala kunye nobutyebi bembali obusuka kwingingqi.
- Indawo yeHippodrome yaseConstantinople: Esi sikwere sembali sakha sasisazulu sobomi baseByzantium yaye likhaya leeobelisk zamandulo namatye ezikhumbuzo.
- UHagia Sophia omncinci (Küçük Ayasofya Camii): Ilitye elinqabileyo loyilo elaziwayo kancinci kodwa lisenomtsalane.
- Imyuziyam yobuGcisa yaseTurkey neyamaSilamsi: Apha uya kufumana ingqokelela eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa kunye nenkcubeko yamaSilamsi.
- Grand Bazaar: Enye yezona marike zindala nezinkulu ezigqunyiweyo emhlabeni, zilungele ukuthenga izinto ezikhumbuzayo, iziqholo kunye nokunye.
- I-Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque: Enye i-mosque entle yase-Ottoman kufuphi neHagia Sophia.
Le mitsalane inika uluhlu olubanzi lwamava enkcubeko nawembali kwaye zonke zibekwe kufutshane neHagia Sophia e-Istanbul. Unokuyiphonononga ngokulula ngeenyawo kwaye ube namava embali etyebileyo yesixeko kunye nenkcubeko.
Ukufika kuHagia Sophia
IHagia Sophia, enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo ze-Istanbul, ikwisithili sembali saseSultanahmet kwaye ifikeleleka ngokulula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho.
Ngezothutho lukawonkewonke
- itram: Umgca we-tram we-T1 yenye yezona ndlela ezifanelekileyo zokufikelela eHagia Sophia. Yehla kwindawo yokumisa "iSultanahmet". Ukusuka apho kukuhamba nje okufutshane ukuya eHagia Sophia.
- Metro: Isikhululo semetro esikufutshane yi “Sultanahmet” kumgca we-M1. Emva kokushiya isikhululo, uHagia Sophia unokufikelelwa ngeenyawo ngemizuzu nje embalwa.
Ngeteksi
- Tekisi: Iiteksi zifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo e-Istanbul kwaye zinokukusa ngqo eHagia Sophia. Qinisekisa ukuba umqhubi weteksi uvule i-taximeter.
Kunyawo
- Spaziergang: Ukuba uhlala kufuphi neSultanahmet okanye sele ukule ndawo yembali, unokuhamba ngokulula uye eHagia Sophia. Indawo inobubele kakhulu kwabahambi ngeenyawo kwaye inika umtsalane emininzi endleleni.
Ngebhayisekile
- ibhayisekile: Kwimigama emifutshane okanye ukuba ukufutshane, ukuhamba ngebhayisekile kunokuba lukhetho olumnandi.
Ngenkampani yokhenketho yabucala
- Ukhenketho olukhokelwayo: Iinkampani ezininzi zokuhamba e-Istanbul zinika iindwendwe ezikhokelwayo, ezihlala ziquka uHagia Sophia. Olu khetho lufanelekile ukuba awufuni kuzikhathaza ngokucwangcisa uhambo lwakho.
Iingcebiso zokufika apho
- Ukhetha izithuthi zikawonke-wonke: Ngenxa yokuxinana kwetrafikhi e-Istanbul, kuqhelekile ukusebenzisa izithuthi zikawonke-wonke.
- ikhadi istanbul: I-Istanbulkart, itikiti lokuphinda litshajwe lezothutho zikawonke-wonke, inokuba lukhetho olusebenzayo noluluncedo.
- isicwangciso sohambo: Qwalasela amaxesha aphezulu ezithuthi ukunqanda ukulibaziseka.
IHagia Sophia kulula ukufikelela kuyo ngenxa yendawo yayo esembindini eSultanahmet kunye namakhonkco othutho alungileyo. Nokuba ngezothutho zikawonke-wonke, ngeenyawo okanye ngeteksi, ukutyelela kulo mmangaliso wokwakha kunye nembali kuyimfuneko kuye wonke umtyeleli e-Istanbul.
Isiphelo ngoHagia Sophia
IHagia Sophia e-Istanbul ime njengendawo ebalaseleyo yolwakhiwo kunye nophawu lwemigangatho yembali eye yabumba isixeko kwiinkulungwane. Yayakhiwe ekuqaleni njenge-basilica, emva koko yaguqulwa yaba yi-mosque kwaye ekugqibeleni yabhengezwa njengemyuziyam ngaphambi kokuba ibuyele ukuyisebenzisa njenge-mosque, i-Hagia Sophia ibonisa iimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko nezenkolo ezihlangana e-Istanbul. Idome yayo enomtsalane kunye neemosaic ezihonjisiweyo zibubungqina bobunjineli baseByzantine kunye nobuchule. UHagia Sophia akayena nje ummangaliso wokwakha, kodwa kunye nendawo yokuthula kunye nokucamngca phakathi kobomi besixeko esixakekileyo. Itsala abatyeleli abavela kwihlabathi liphela kwaye inika imbono enzulu ngamaxesha anzima embali abumba isixeko. UHagia Sophia uhlala engumqondiso obalulekileyo we-Istanbul kunye nobungqina obuphilayo kwimbali etyebileyo yesixeko.
idilesi: Hagia Sophia, Ayasofya Camii, Sultan Ahmet, Ayasofya Meydanı No:1, 34122 Fatih/İstanbul, Turkey
