Yintoni eyenza iTopkapi Palace e-Istanbul ikhetheke kangaka?
Ibhotwe laseTopkapi e-Istanbul, eyayisakuba yintliziyo yoBukhosi base-Ottoman, ngoku yenye yezona myuziyam zinomdla kwihlabathi. Le ndawo ye-UNESCO yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi inikezela ngembono eyodwa kwi-architecture yase-Ottoman, ubugcisa kunye nembali. Ngendawo yayo entle eSarayburnu, iKapa ye-Istanbul yembali, ibhotwe libonelela ngeembono eziphefumlayo zeBosphorus kunye neGolide Horn.
Leliphi ibali elibaliselwa kwibhotwe laseTopkapi?
- Indawo yokuhlala kaSultan: Ibhotwe laseTopkapi lalisebenza njengendawo yokuhlala kunye nolawulo lweeSultans zaseOttoman ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-400, ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-15 ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-19.
- Umbindi wamandla: Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zenziwa apha eziphembelela imbali yoBukhosi base-Ottoman kunye nehlabathi.
- Imbiza yokunyibilikisa yenkcubeko: Ibhotwe likwangumqondiso wenkcubeko kunye neentlanga ezahlukeneyo zoBukhosi base-Ottoman.
Yintoni onokuyifumana kwi-Topkapi Palace?
- Amagumbi amahle kunye neentendelezo: Ibhotwe libandakanya iintendelezo ezininzi, izakhiwo ezibalaseleyo, iholo yabaphulaphuli kunye namagumbi abucala kaSultan.
- Iingqokelela ezityebileyo: Kukho ingqokelela enomtsalane yemizobo yaseOttoman, ubucwebe, iirelics kunye neporcelain eboniswayo.
- IHarem: I-harem yenye yezona ndawo zinomdla kakhulu kwibhotwe. Usapho lwasebukhosini kunye namashweshwe ahlala apha. Ungaphonononga amagumbi amahle, iipaseji kunye neentendelezo kwaye ufunde ngakumbi ngobomi obusemva kweendonga zebhotwe.
- UNondyebo: UNondyebo ugcina ingqokelela enomtsalane yamatye anqabileyo, iidayimani, izithsaba kunye nobunye ubutyebi basebukhosini. Oku kuquka i-dagger ye-Topkapi kunye ne-86-carat "Idayimane ye-Spoonmaker's".
- Igumbi leTrone: Igumbi leTrone ligumbi elihle apho iSultan yayibamba khona ulwamkelo olusemthethweni kwaye ibambe abaphulaphuli. Ihonjiswe ngegolide nangezinto ezicikizekileyo.
- I-imperial cuisine: Apha ungandwendwela iikhikhithi zembali zebhotwe, apho izidlo ezimnandi zazilungiselelwe uSultan kunye nenkundla. Iimbiza ezinkulu kunye neepani ziyamangalisa.
- Iigadi kunye neentendelezo: Ibhotwe lineegadi ezintle kunye neentendelezo ezilungele ukuhambahamba kunye nokuphumla. Abanye banika umbono omangalisayo woLwandle lweMarmara kunye neBosphorus.
- I-Reliquary Chamber: Eli gumbi ligcina izinto zonqulo, kubandakanywa nezinto ezinxulumene noMprofeti uMuhammad. Zibaluleke kakhulu ngokonqulo.
- Ithala leencwadi: Eli bhotwe ligcina ithala leencwadi lembali elinengqokelela enomtsalane yemibhalo-ngqangi, iincwadi kunye nemibhalo-ngqangi.
- Ingqokelela yeZikrweqe: Apha uya kufumana ingqokelela enomtsalane yezixhobo ze-Ottoman, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zesikrweqe.
- Iimbono ezichukumisayo: Ukusuka kwithafa lebhotwe unokonwabela iimbono ezintle Istanbul kwaye ujabulele ulwandle.
Ibhotwe laseTopkapi libonelela ngohambo olunomdla kwimbali ye-Ottoman kunye nenkcubeko. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba uvumele ixesha elaneleyo lokutyelela kwakho njengoko kukho iindawo ezininzi kunye nemiboniso yokuhlola. Uya kumangaliswa bubuhle kunye nelifa lembali yale ndawo yembali.
Igumbi letrone eTopkapi Palace
Igumbi leTrone kwiBhotwe laseTopkapi e-Istanbul ligumbi elimangalisayo lokubaluleka kwembali kunye nentsingiselo enkulu yenkcubeko. Nazi ezinye iinkcukacha malunga negumbi letrone:
- Indawo: Igumbi leTrone lingaphakathi kwibhotwe laseTopkapi kwaye liyindawo esembindini kwisakhiwo sebhotwe. Ibekwe kufutshane nesango lendlu yeharem kwaye ijikelezwe ngamanye amagumbi amahle.
- Uyilo kunye noyilo: Igumbi letrone ligumbi eliyilwe ngokumangalisayo nelihonjiswe ngegolide. Isilingi ipeyintiwe ngobuhle kwaye iindonga zihonjiswe ngezinto ezintle, izibuko kunye nemihombiso. Iifestile ezinkulu zivumela ukukhanya kwendalo ukuba kungene kwaye kongeze ubukhazikhazi bendawo.
- Itrone: Embindini wale holo kukho itrone yasebukhosini, nto leyo engumsebenzi wobugcisa ochukumisayo ngokwawo. Itrone ihonjiswe ngamatye anqabileyo namatye anqabileyo, afuzisela amandla asebukhosini negunya.
- Ukusetyenziswa kweGumbi leTrone: Igumbi letrone lalisetyenziselwa ulwamkelo olusemthethweni lukaSultan, imikhosi kunye nabaphulaphuli. Apha uSultan wafumana iindwendwe ezibalulekileyo, oonozakuzaku kunye nabahloniphekileyo. Igumbi laliyindawo apho izigqibo zezopolitiko zazisenziwa khona kwaye nemithetho yasebukhosini yayibhengezwa.
- Intsingiselo: Igumbi letrone lalingeyona nje indawo eqaqambileyo, kodwa kunye nomqondiso wamandla kunye nobukhulu boBukhosi base-Ottoman. Ibonise ubutyebi kunye negunya leSultan.
- Umboniso: Iindwendwe zeTopkapi Palace zinethuba lokukhenketha kwigumbi letrone kwaye zive umoya obalaseleyo wale ndawo yembali. Ubukhazikhazi kunye nobuhle begumbi letrone buyamangalisa kwaye bunika umbono wobungangamsha basebukhosini bamaxesha adlulileyo.
Igumbi leTrone ngumzekelo obalaseleyo woyilo lwe-Ottoman kunye nobugcisa obugcinwe kwi-Topkapi Palace. Ukutyelelwa kweli gumbi kukugqwesa ukuhlola ibhotwe kwaye kuvumela iindwendwe ukuba zizintywilisele kubukhazikhazi kunye nembali ye-Ottoman Empire.
UNondyebo kwibhotwe laseTopkapi
UNondyebo kwibhotwe laseTopkapi e-Istanbul yindawo enobutyebi obungachazekiyo kunye nokubaluleka kwembali. Nalu olunye ulwazi malunga noNondyebo:
- Iziqulatho zikanondyebo: UNondyebo weTopkapi Palace ugcina ingqokelela enomtsalane yamatye anqabileyo, iidayimani, amatye anqabileyo, izithsaba, izinto ezixabisekileyo kunye nobutyebi basebukhosini. Oku kuquka ingqokelela enomtsalane yegolide kunye nesilivere yetafile, i-porcelain, iiwotshi zakudala kunye nezinto ezininzi ezixabisekileyo.
- Topkapi Dagger: Enye yezona zinto zidumileyo kwi-treasury yi-Topkapi dagger. Le ngqayi ikhethekileyo ibekwe ngedayimani kunye namatye anqabileyo kwaye ithathwa njengenye yezona ziqwenga zezacholo ezixabisekileyo kwihlabathi.
- Idayimani ye-Spoonmaker: Enye igugu eliphawulekayo kwi-treasury yiDayimane ye-Spoonmaker. Le dayimani inkulu inobunzima obungama-86 carats kwaye ngumzekelo omangalisayo wobugcisa bamatye anqabileyo.
- Izithsaba zasebukhosini kunye nobucwebe: I-treasury iqulethe izithsaba ezahlukeneyo zobukhosi, ii-tiaras kunye nobucwebe obunxitywa ngamalungu obukhosi base-Ottoman. Ezi ziqwenga zintle zihonjiswe ngamatye anqabileyo kunye neeperile.
- I "Topkapi clockwork": Enye into ekhangayo kwi-treasury yi "Topkapi Clockwork", iwashi ye-antique esuka kwi-16. Le wotshi yincutshe yobugcisa bokwenza iwotshi.
- UNondyebo namhlanje: I-Treasury iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeMyuziyam yaseTopkapi Palace kwaye inokujongwa ngabakhenkethi. Ubuncwane obumangalisayo kunye namatye anqabileyo kwingqokelela anika umbono wobutyebi kunye nobuhle boBukhosi base-Ottoman.
UNondyebo weTopkapi Palace yindawo apho iindwendwe zinokufumana ubukhazikhazi basebukhosini bamaxesha adlulileyo. Ubuncwane obuboniswa apha abukho nje kuphela ixabiso kodwa bukwabalisa ibali lolawulo lwe-Ottoman kunye nobuhle. Ukutyelela kwi-treasury ngamava angenakulibaleka kubathandi bezobugcisa kunye nembali.
Ingqokelela yesikrweqe eTopkapi Palace
Ingqokelela yezikrweqe kwiBhotwe laseTopkapi e-Istanbul yinxalenye enomtsalane yemyuziyam kwaye inika umbono kwimbali yomkhosi woBukhosi base-Ottoman. Nalu ulwazi malunga ingqokelela yezixhobo:
- Umda wengqokelela: Ingqokelela yesikrweqe sebhotwe leTopkapi ibandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zomkhosi ezivela kumaxesha ahlukeneyo embali yase-Ottoman. Le ngqokelela yenye yezona zibanzi zohlobo lwayo.
- Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zesikrweqe: Ingqokelela ibandakanya izixhobo zamajoni, amagosa kunye namalungu enkundla. Ezi ziquka izigcina-ntloko, izigcina-sifuba, imixokelelwane, amakhaka nezixhobo ezifana namakrele, iincula nezaphetha.
- Isikrweqe esimangalisayo: Ezinye zezikrweqe ezikule ngqokelela zihonjiswe ngakumbi, zinemihombiso entsonkothileyo, amatye anqabileyo kunye nemizobo ehonjisiweyo. Ezi zikrweqe zazihlala zinxitywa kwimisitho okanye kwimibhiyozo kwaye zimele ubutyebi kunye nobuhle benkundla yase-Ottoman.
- Isikrweqe sasebukhosini: Ingqokelela ikwabandakanya izixhobo ezinxitywa ngamaSultan ngokwawo, kunye namanye amalungu obukumkani base-Ottoman. Ezi zikrweqe zihlala ziyilwe ngokucokisekileyo kwaye zihonjiswe ngophawu lwasebukhosini.
- Ukuxhobisa ngezixhobo: I-Ottoman gunsmithing yayisaziwa ngomgangatho wayo kunye nobuchule bayo. Uninzi lwezixhobo eziboniswe kwingqokelela zezobuchwephesha bokwenza isinyithi kunye nentsimbi.
- Intsingiselo yezembali: Ingqokelela yesikrweqe ayinikezi nje ukuqonda kwimbali yasemkhosini yoBukhosi base-Ottoman, kodwa nasekuphuhliseni izixhobo kunye nezixhobo kwiinkulungwane.
Abatyeleli kwibhotwe laseTopkapi banethuba lokujonga ingqokelela yezixhobo kunye nokuncoma isikrweqe esinomtsalane kunye nezixhobo ezimele inxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko kunye nembali yase-Ottoman. Ingqokelela inexabiso elikhulu kungekuphela nje kwabo banomdla kwimbali yasemkhosini, kodwa kuzo zonke iindwendwe ezinomdla kwimbali nakwinkcubeko.
Indlu yabafazi eTopkapi Palace
I-Harem e-Topkapi Palace e-Istanbul yenye yezona ndawo zinomdla kunye nezingaqondakaliyo zebhotwe. Nalu olunye ulwazi malunga ne-harem:
- Imvelaphi yembali: Igama elithi "harem" livela kwisiArabhu kwaye lithetha "indawo engavumelekanga". Kumxholo we-Ottoman, ibhekisa kwindawo yabucala yebhotwe eyayigcinelwe usapho lwasebukhosini kunye namashweshwe.
- Indima ye-harem: I-harem yayingeyondawo yobunewunewu kuphela, kodwa yayisisazulu sobomi bezopolitiko nezentlalo kwibhotwe. Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zenziwa apha, amayelenqe ayelukwa kwaye kwenziwa izivumelwano zezopolitiko.
- Ubume bendlu yabasetyhini: I-harem yayinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi samagumbi, iipaseji, iiyadi kunye neegadi. Yahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo ahlukeneyo, kuquka “iSultanahmet” (indawo kamama kaSultan), “iCariye Dairesi” (indawo yamashweshwe), kunye “neHass Odası” (igumbi le-harem).
- Amashweshwe: Amashweshwe yayingabafazi abaziswe kwindlu yabasetyhini ukuba bazale oonyana kuSultan kwaye bakhusele amandla akhe ezopolitiko. Bakhethwa ngononophelo kwaye bafumana uqeqesho kumculo, ubugcisa kunye nenkcubeko.
- Ithenwa: Indlu yabafazi yayigadwe yaye ilawulwa ngamathenwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba akukho madoda angagunyaziswanga anokungena. Amathenwa ayedla ngokuba ngamakhoboka yaye ayethenwa eselula.
- Ubomi bemihla ngemihla kwi-harem: Kwindlu yabasetyhini kwakusenziwa imisitho nezithethe ezicokisekileyo. Abafazi babenxibe iilokhwe ezintle kunye nezacholo, kwaye kukho ukuzonwabisa okunjengomculo kunye nomdaniso.
- Ukuphela kweHarem: Ngokuhla koBukhosi base-Ottoman kunye nohlaziyo phantsi kwe-Ataturk ngenkulungwane ye-20, i-harem yachithwa kwaye i-Topkapi Palace yaguqulwa yaba yimyuziyam. Namhlanje, iindwendwe zinokukhenketha i-harem kwaye zifunde ngakumbi malunga nelifa layo elinomdla nelinzima.
I-Topkapi Palace Harem yindawo ebalulekileyo yembali kunye nomdla wenkcubeko. Ukutyelela kunika ingqiqo kubomi kunye nezakhiwo zamandla zoBukhosi base-Ottoman kwaye ngamava angenakulibaleka kubathandi bembali kunye nenkcubeko.
Izinto ezinomtsalane kwindawo
Zininzi ezinye izinto ezinomdla kunye neendawo onokuzijonga malunga neTopkapi Palace e-Istanbul. Nazi ezinye zazo:
- UHagia Sophia: Le cawa inomtsalane yaseByzantine, eyathi kamva yaguqulwa yaba yimosque kwaye ngoku iyimyuziyam, ikufuphi kakhulu neTopkapi Palace.
- Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmed Mosque): Umsebenzi obalaseleyo woyilo lwe-Ottoman, le mosque ibukekayo enethayile eziluhlaza kukuhambo olufutshane ukusuka kwibhotwe laseTopkapi.
- Indawo yeHippodrome yaseConstantinople: Esi sikwere sembali sasikade sisisazulu sobomi baseByzantine kunye neOttoman kwaye ngoku likhaya lee obelisks kunye nezinye izinto zakudala.
- Iimyuziyam zakudala zaseIstanbul: Ezi myuziyam, kuquka i-Archaeological Museum, iMyuziyam yoBugcisa baseMpuma kunye neMyuziyam yoBugcisa bobuSilamsi, zibekwe kufutshane kwaye zinendlu ingqokelela enomtsalane yezinto zakudala.
- Iqula le-Basilica: Iqula lamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba elakhiwe ngenkulungwane ye-6 ukugcina amanzi kwiBhotwe laseTopkapi. Iindwendwe ziyakwazi ukuwonwabela ulwakhiwo olunomtsalane kunye nokukhanya.
- Gülhane Park: Ukolula ukusuka kwibhotwe laseTopkapi ukuya eSultanahmet Square, le paki iyimbali yindawo entle yokuphumla nokuhambahamba.
- I-Sultanahmet Square: Esi sikwere yintliziyo ye-Istanbul yembali kwaye likhaya le-Blue Mosque kunye ne-Hagia Sophia, kunye ne-Fountain yaseJamani kunye ne-Obelisk yaseTheodosius.
- Imyuziyam yaseTopkapi Palace: Xa undwendwela ibhotwe ngokwalo, unokujonga izakhiwo ezibalaseleyo, intendelezo kunye nobutyebi obungaphakathi.
Le mitsalane iyinxalenye ye-Istanbul yembali kwaye ibonelela ngokwahlukana okutyebileyo kwembali, inkcubeko kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo. Ukundwendwela kule ndawo kukuvumela ukuba uphonononge kwixesha elidlulileyo elinika umdla lesixeko kwaye ufumane ezinye zezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zophawu.
Ukwamkelwa, amaxesha okuvula kunye nokhenketho olukhokelwayo
Imali yokungena
- Amatikiti asemgangathweni: Imali yokungena kwiBhotwe laseTopkapi iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo ofuna ukuyindwendwela. Kukho amatikiti ahlukeneyo e-harem kunye neendawo eziphambili zebhotwe.
- Imirhumo eyongezelelweyo: Eminye imiboniso ekhethekileyo okanye iindawo, ezinje ngeHarem, zinokufaka umrhumo owongezelelweyo.
- Izaphulelo: Amatikiti athotyiweyo ayafumaneka kumaqela athile abatyeleli, njengabantwana, abafundi kunye nabantu abadala.
kuvulwa
- Iiyure zokuvula ngokubanzi: Ibhotwe laseTopkapi lihlala livulwa ukusuka ngoLwesithathu ukuya ngoMvulo. Ibhotwe livalwa ngoLwesibini.
- Amaxesha ehlobo nasebusika: Nceda uqaphele ukuba amaxesha okuvula anokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka. Amaxesha okuvula akholisa ukuba made ehlotyeni kunasebusika.
- Ukwamkelwa kokugqibela: Ukungena kokugqibela kuba yiyure enye phambi kokuba ibhotwe livalwe.
Izikhokelo
- Ukhenketho olukhokelwayo: Iindwendwe ezikhokelwayo ziyafumaneka kwi-Topkapi Palace, inika ulwazi olunzulu kwimbali yayo kunye nokubaluleka. Olu khenketho ludla ngokufumaneka ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo.
- Isikhokelo somsindo: Kubakhenkethi abanqwenela ukuphonononga ibhotwe ngokwabo, izikhokelo zomsindo ziyafumaneka ezibonelela ngolwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga namacandelo ahlukeneyo ebhotwe kunye nemiboniso.
Imiyalelo ebalulekileyo
- Ukuthengwa kwetikiti: Amatikiti angathengwa kwisiza okanye kwi-intanethi. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba uthenge amatikiti kwangethuba ukuphepha ixesha elide lokulinda.
- Ukuhlolwa kokhuseleko: Iitshekhi zokhuseleko kufuneka zigqitywe xa kungenwa ebhotwe.
Ulwazi lwangoku
Ekubeni imali yokungena kunye neeyure zokuvula zinokutshintshwa, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uhlolisise ulwazi lwangoku ngokuthe ngqo kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-Topkapi Palace okanye ngemithombo yolwazi oluthembekileyo lwabakhenkethi.
Ukutyelela kwibhotwe laseTopkapi linika umbono onomdla kwimbali yase-Ottoman kwaye kuyimfuneko kuye wonke umntu ondwendwela e-Istanbul. Ngokuthatha ukhenketho olukhokelwayo, ungawenza nzulu ngakumbi amava akho kwaye ufunde ngakumbi malunga nexesha elidlulileyo lale ndawo yembali.
Iingcebiso zabatyeleli
- Izihlangu ezikhululekileyo: Ibhotwe eliyinkimbinkimbi libanzi, ngoko ke izihlangu ezikhululekile ziyacetyiswa.
- Yiza nekhamera: Ungalibali ikhamera yakho ngeefoto ezintle zoyilo lwe-Ottoman kunye nemibono ye-Istanbul.
- Yiza nexesha elithile: Vumela ixesha elaneleyo lokuphonononga yonke into entsonkothileyo.
Ukufika kwibhotwe laseTopkapi
Ibhotwe laseTopkapi, enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zembali yase-Istanbul, kulula ukufikelela kuyo ngenxa yendawo esembindini wengingqi yeSultanahmet. Nazi iindlela ezisebenzayo zokufika apho:
Ukufika ngezithuthi zikawonke-wonke
- ITram: Eyona ndlela ilula yokufikelela kwi-Topkapi Palace kukusebenzisa i-tram. Yehla kwindawo yokumisa "Sultanahmet". Ukusuka apho kukuhamba nje okufutshane ukuya ebhotwe. Umgca wetram we-T1 udibanisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zesixeko kwaye uyindlela esebenzayo yokufika kwezona ndawo zinomtsalane e-Istanbul.
- Ukuhamba ukusuka kwiNgingqi yeSultanahmet: Ukuba uhlala kufutshane neSultanahmet okanye undwendwela le ndawo, unokuhamba ngokulula ukuya kwibhotwe laseTopkapi. Le ndawo ityebile kwiindawo zembali, kwaye ukuhamba kunika ithuba lokuthoba umoya we-Istanbul yakudala.
Ukufika ngemoto okanye ngeteksi
- Iteksi: Iteksi inika indlela ethe ngqo neyiyo yokuya eTopkapi Palace. Nangona kunjalo, khumbula ukuba itrafikhi e-Istanbul ihlala inzima kwaye iindleko zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yakho yokuqala.
- Ngokuzenzekelayo: Ukuba uhamba ngemoto, qaphela ukuba indawo yokupaka kufutshane nebhotwe kunye nendawo yeSultanahmet ilinganiselwe kwaye ihlala ixinene. Kukho iindawo zokupaka kunye neegaraji zokupaka kwindawo, kodwa zinokuzalisa ngokukhawuleza.
Iingcebiso kubahambi
- Imephu yeIstanbul: Ikhadi lezithuthi zikawonke-wonke elilayishekayo liyindlela esebenzayo neyonga iindleko.
- Ukucwangcisa: Cwangcisa indlela ohamba ngayo kunye nexesha kwangethuba, ngakumbi ukuba usebenzisa isithuthi sikawonke-wonke.
- Gwema amaxesha aphezulu: Zama ukunqanda amaxesha aphakamileyo ukuze uphephe izihlwele kunye nokuxinana kweemoto.
Ibhotwe laseTopkapi, elisembindini we-peninsula yembali yase-Istanbul, kulula ukufikelela kuyo ngenxa yendawo esembindini kunye nonxibelelwano oluhle lwezothutho. Nokuba uhamba ngezithuthi zikawonke-wonke, iteksi okanye ngeenyawo, ibhotwe yindawo efikelelekayo neyimfuneko kuye nawuphi na umtyeleli wase-Istanbul ofuna ukuntywila kwimbali kunye nenkcubeko yoBukhosi base-Ottoman.
Isiphelo: Kutheni kufuneka undwendwele ibhotwe laseTopkapi?
Ibhotwe laseTopkapi ayisiyonto yobugcisa bokwakha kuphela, kodwa ikwayimyuziyam ephilayo ezisa ubomi ubungangamsha kunye nembali yoBukhosi baseOttoman. Ukutyelela apha kunika ithuba elikhethekileyo lokuzintywilisela kwihlabathi leesultan kwaye ufumane isiqephu esibalulekileyo sembali yaseTurkey.
idilesi: Ibhotwe laseTopkapi, iTopkapı Sarayı Müzesi, Cankurtaran, 34122 Fatih/İstanbul, Turkey
