I-Hagia Sophia e-Istanbul: Ubuciko bobuciko bezakhiwo nomlando
I-Hagia Sophia, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Ayasofya, ingesinye sezakhiwo ezihlaba umxhwele nezibaluleke kakhulu e-Istanbul futhi iwuphawu lwayo yomibili umlando waseByzantine no-Ottoman. Lo msebenzi wobuciko wobuciko uheha izigidi zezivakashi ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba minyaka yonke.
Isizinda somlando
- Ekuqaleni kwakuyisonto: IHagia Sophia yakhiwa njengesonto lobuKristu ekhulwini lesi-6 ngaphansi koMbusi WaseByzantium uJustinian I futhi yayiyisonto elikhulu kweLobukholwa cishe inkulungwane yeminyaka.
- Ukuguqulwa ube yi-mosque: Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwe-Ottoman yaseConstantinople ngo-1453, yaguqulwa yaba i-mosque, enezimpawu eziningi zobuKristu ezithathelwa indawo yamaSulumane.
- Isimo sanamuhla njengemnyuziyamu: Ngo-1935, uHagia Sophia waguqulwa waba yimyuziyamu ngokuyalelwa nguMustafa Kemal Ataturk, umsunguli weTurkey yanamuhla. Ngo-2020 yaguqulwa yaba i-mosque futhi, kodwa ihlala ivulekele izivakashi.
Izici ze-Architectural
- Idome elihlaba umxhwele: Idome emaphakathi ye-Hagia Sophia ingenye yezimangaliso ezinkulu zezakhiwo zasendulo futhi yayinkulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni amakhulu eminyaka.
- Ama-mosaics nemisebenzi yobuciko: Ngaphakathi, i-Byzantine mosaics kanye ne-Islamic calligraphy kuhlangene futhi kubonisa umlando oyingqayizivele wesakhiwo.
- Ithonya lezokwakha: U-Hagia Sophia ube nomthelela kwamanye ama-mosque namasonto amaningi kuwo wonke umhlaba wamaSulumane nobuKristu futhi uthathwa njengesibonelo esikhulu kunazo zonke sezakhiwo zaseByzantium.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko nenkolo
- Uphawu lobunye: I-Hagia Sophia ifanekisela ukuxhumana phakathi kweByzantium yobuKristu kanye noMbuso WamaSulumane Wase-Ottoman futhi imelela umlando ocebile noyinkimbinkimbi we-Istanbul.
- Ukuheha izivakashi: Njengenye yezindawo zase-Istanbul ezivakashelwa kakhulu nezithwetshulwe izithombe, iheha izivakashi ezijabulela kokubili ukubaluleka komlando nokokomoya.
Ulwazi Lwezivakashi
- ukufinyeleleka: I-Hagia Sophia ivulekele izivakashi, nakuba izindawo ezithile zingase zivalwe ngezinjongo zenkolo ngezikhathi ezithile.
- indawo: Itholakala esifundeni esingokomlando se-Sultanahmet, ifinyeleleka kalula ngezithuthi zomphakathi noma ibanga lokuhamba ngezinyawo ukusuka kwezinye izindawo ezikhangayo endaweni.
UHagia Sophia akayena nje ubuciko bezakhiwo, kodwa futhi uwubufakazi obuphilayo bomlando ocebile we-Istanbul. Ihlanganisa ubuciko, isiko kanye nenkolo yemibuso emibili emikhulu ngesakhiwo nomlando wayo futhi ihlala iyingxenye ebalulekile yamagugu amasiko edolobha.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngoHagia Sophia e-Istanbul
Umsebenzi wobuciko bezakhiwo kanye nophawu lomlando we-Istanbul, uHagia Sophia ugcwele izindaba nezici ezithakazelisayo. Nawa amaqiniso athakazelisayo agqamisa ukuhluka kwalesi sakhiwo:
- Iminyaka engaphezu kuka-1500 ubudala: I-Hagia Sophia yasekuqaleni yakhiwa emuva ngo-360 AD, okwenza ibe ngesinye sezakhiwo ezindala kakhulu ezimile emhlabeni.
- Ubunikazi obushintshekayo: UHagia Sophia waqala wakhonza njengesonto, kamuva waguqulwa waba i-mosque futhi ekugcineni waphenduka umnyuziyamu. Ngo-2020 yaba yi-mosque esebenzayo futhi.
- Ukuqamba okusha kwezakhiwo: IHagia Sophia yayiyisonto lombhishobhi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni lapho iqedwa ngo-537 AD futhi yahlala injalo iminyaka ecishe ibe yi-1000. Idome layo elikhulu laliwumuzwa wezakhiwo futhi lathonya izakhiwo eziningi ezalandela.
- Ukuzamazama komhlaba nokwakhiwa kabusha: Isakhiwo sokuqala sonakaliswa ukuzamazama komhlaba futhi sakhiwa kabusha izikhathi eziningana, muva nje ekhulwini lesi-6 ngaphansi koMbusi uJustinian I.
- Ama-mosaic aseByzantine: Ngaphakathi kwe-Hagia Sophia kunezinye zezibonelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zobuciko be-mosaic yaseByzantium, ebonisa izigcawu zokholo lobuKristu.
- Izakhi zamaSulumane: Ngemva kokunqotshwa kweConstantinople, izakhi zamaSulumane zengezwa, kuhlanganise nama-minarets, i-mihrab, namaphaneli e-calligraphy.
- Ama-Acoustic nemidlalo elula: U-Hagia Sophia waziwa ngama-acoustics akhethekile kanye nemidlalo yokukhanya edalwe amawindi angu-40 kudome.
- Izimfihlo ezifihliwe: Isakhiwo siqukethe amakhona nezimfihlo eziningi ezifihliwe, okuhlanganisa amathuna, amagumbi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nezinsalela ezilahlekile.
- Uphawu lokuhlanganisa: I-Hagia Sophia imele njengophawu lokuhlangana kwamasiko obuKristu nawe-Islamic kanye nomlando ocebile wase-Istanbul.
- I-UNESCO World Heritage Site: Njengengxenye yendawo yomlando ye Istanbul I-Hagia Sophia iyingxenye ye-UNESCO World Heritage Site.
I-Hagia Sophia ayisona nje isimangaliso sezakhiwo kodwa futhi iwubufakazi bomlando oyinkimbinkimbi we-Istanbul kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwamasiko futhi isalokhu ingenye yezindawo ezibalulekile zedolobha.
Umlando kaHagia Sophia e-Istanbul
Isikhathi samaRoma
- Imvelaphi yaseByzantium: Umlando we-Istanbul uqala ngokusungulwa kweByzantium izifiki zamaGreki ngekhulu lesi-7 BC. Kamuva leli dolobha laba ingxenye yoMbuso WaseRoma.
- i-constantinople: Ngo-330 AD, leli dolobha lakhiwa kabusha ngokuthi "iRoma Elisha" nguMbusi uConstantine Omkhulu futhi laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iConstantinople, laba inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseRoma.
Isikhathi saseByzantine
- Inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseRoma WaseMpumalanga: Ngemva kokuhlukaniswa koMbuso WaseRoma, iConstantinople yaba inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma noma WaseByzantium.
- Incazelo yenkolo: IConstantinople yaba isikhungo sobuKristu Bobu-Orthodox futhi yayiyikhaya lezakhiwo zesonto ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise noHagia Sophia.
- Bloom nezinselele: Isikhathi saseByzantine sasibonakala ngokuchuma kwamasiko, kodwa futhi nezingxabano zezombangazwe nokuhlasela kwangaphandle, njengaphakathi neziMpi Zenkolo.
Isikhathi se-Ottoman
- Ukunqoba kwe-Ottoman: Ngo-1453, uSultan Mehmed II wanqoba iConstantinople, eyaphawula ukuphela koMbuso WaseByzantium. Idolobha laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Istanbul futhi laba inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso Wase-Ottoman.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo: Ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-Ottoman, kwakhiwa ama-mosque amaningi, izigodlo nezinye izakhiwo ezazibusa indawo yedolobha, kuhlanganise ne-Blue Mosque kanye ne-Topkapi Palace.
- Ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko nezinkolo: UMbuso Wase-Ottoman wawaziwa ngokubekezelelana kwezenkolo namasiko. I-Istanbul yaba isikhungo esixubile lapho izinhlanga nezinkolo ezihlukahlukene zazihlala ndawonye.
IRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey
- Ukusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi: Ngemva kokuwa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman kanye neMpi Yokuzimela YaseTurkey, iRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey yasungulwa ngo-1923 ngaphansi kukaMustafa Kemal Atatürk.
- Ukuthuthwa kwenhloko-dolobha: U-Ataturk wathuthela inhloko-dolobha isuka e-Istanbul yaya Ankara, ukwakha inhlokodolobha yesimanjemanje futhi esenkabeni.
- Amagugu esimanje kanye namasiko: Phakathi nenkathi yeRiphabhulikhi, i-Istanbul yabhekana namaphrojekthi abalulekile wesimanje ngenkathi ilondoloza amagugu ayo anothile omlando namasiko.
- Incazelo yanamuhla: Namuhla i-Istanbul iyidolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke eTurkey futhi iyisikhungo esibalulekile samasiko, ezomnotho kanye nezivakashi, esibonisa umlando wayo omude nohlukahlukene.
Imali yokungena ye-Hagia Sophia, amathikithi nokuvakasha
Izimali zokungena
- Ukungena mahhala: Njenge-mosque esebenzayo, ukungena e-Hagia Sophia kumahhala kuzo zonke izivakashi. Azikho izimali zokungenela.
Amathikithi
- Awekho amathikithi adingekayo: Njengoba ingekho imali yokungena, awekho amathikithi adingekayo ukuze ungene e-Hagia Sophia.
Ukuvakasha okuqondisiwe
- Ukuvakasha kwangasese neqembu: Yize kungenwa mahhala, izivakashi zingabhuka izinkambo eziqondisiwe ukuze zifunde kabanzi ngomlando nokubaluleka kuka-Hagia Sophia. Abahlinzeki abahlukahlukene banikeza uhambo oluqondisiwe, oluvame ukutholakala ngezilimi ezahlukene.
- Ukuvakasha kwe-Combo: Kukhona nokuvakasha okuyinhlanganisela okubandakanya uHagia Sophia kanye nezinye izindawo ezikhangayo zase-Istanbul njengeTopkapi Palace kanye neBlue Mosque.
Amathiphu okuvakasha
- ukuvula izikhathi: U-Hagia Sophia uvulekele izivakashi ezingaphandle kwezikhathi zomkhuleko. Kutuswa ukuhlola izikhathi zamanje zokuvula, ikakhulukazi ngamaholide enkolo nemicimbi.
- Indlela yokugqoka: Njengoba i-Hagia Sophia iyi-mosque esebenzayo, izivakashi kufanele zigcine ikhodi yokugqoka efanelekile. Abesifazane kufanele bamboze izinwele zabo futhi amadoda nabesifazane kufanele bavale amahlombe abo namadolo.
- Ukuziphatha ngenhlonipho: Izivakashi kufanele zithule futhi zihloniphe ngezikhathi zomkhuleko futhi zilandele imiyalelo yabasebenzi.
Manje i-mosque esebenzayo, i-Hagia Sophia inikeza ulwazi olungasoze lwalibaleka njengenye yezimpawu zomhlaba ezinomlando nezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu e-Istanbul. Ukungena kwamahhala kuvumela wonke umuntu ukuthi azizwele lesi sakhiwo esimangalisayo, kuyilapho ukuvakasha okuqondisiwe kunikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe kumlando wakho ocebile.
Izikhangibavakashi endaweni
Kunezindawo eziningi ezithakazelisayo nezingosi zomlando ongazihlola ezizungeze i-Hagia Sophia e-Istanbul. Nazi ezinye zazo:
- I-Blue Mosque (i-Sultan Ahmed Mosque): Itholakala ngokuphambana ngqo ne-Hagia Sophia, le mosque emangalisayo enamathayela aluhlaza iwumsebenzi wobuciko wobuciko.
- I-Topkapi Palace: Isihlalo sangaphambili samaSultan ase-Ottoman siyikhaya leqoqo elimangalisayo lamagugu nezinto zobuciko zomlando.
- I-Basilica Cistern: Lo mgodi ongaphansi komhlaba uyisakhiwo esithakazelisayo sangenkathi yaseByzantium futhi unikeza umoya oyingqayizivele.
- I-Gulhane Park: Ipaki eliluhlaza maphakathi nedolobha, elilungele ukuhamba uphumule noma ipikinikini.
- I-Istanbul Archaeological Museum: Lapha ungakwazi ukuhlola iqoqo elihlaba umxhwele lezinto zobuciko zakudala kanye namagugu omlando avela esifundeni.
- I-Hippodrome yaseConstantinople: Lesi sikwele esiyingqopha-mlando sasiyisikhungo sempilo yaseByzantium futhi siyikhaya lamatshe asendulo namatshe esikhumbuzo.
- U-Hagia Sophia omncane (Küçük Ayasofya Camii): Itshe eliyigugu lezakhiwo elaziwa kancane kodwa namanje elihlaba umxhwele.
- I-Turkish and Islamic Art Museum: Lapha uzothola iqoqo elihlukahlukene lobuciko namasiko amaSulumane.
- I-Grand Bazaar: Enye yezimakethe ezindala nezinkulu kakhulu ezimboziwe emhlabeni, elungele ukuthenga izinto eziyisikhumbuzo, izinongo nokunye.
- I-Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque: Enye i-mosque enhle yase-Ottoman eduze kwaseHagia Sophia.
Lezi zindawo ezihehayo zinikeza ulwazi olubanzi lwamasiko nomlando futhi zonke zitholakala eduze kwaseHagia Sophia e-Istanbul. Ungakwazi ukuyihlola kalula ngezinyawo futhi uzwe umlando ocebile wedolobha namasiko.
Ukufika kuHagia Sophia
I-Hagia Sophia, enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu e-Istanbul, itholakala esifundeni esingokomlando saseSultanahmet futhi itholakala kalula ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthutha.
Ngezithuthi zomphakathi
- izindawo zemikhawulo: Ulayini wethilamu we-T1 ungenye yezindlela ezilula kakhulu zokufinyelela u-Hagia Sophia. Yehla esitobhini "Sultanahmet". Ukusuka lapho kuwuhambo olufushane nje ukuya eHagia Sophia.
- Metro: Isiteshi sikamasipala esiseduze sithi “Sultanahmet” kulayini we-M1. Ngemva kokushiya isiteshi, uHagia Sophia angafinyelelwa ngezinyawo emizuzwini embalwa nje.
Netekisi
- Taxi: Amatekisi atholakala yonke indawo e-Istanbul futhi angakuyisa ngqo eHagia Sophia. Qinisekisa ukuthi umshayeli wetekisi uvule i-taximeter.
Ngezinyawo
- hamba: Uma uhlala eduze kwaseSultanahmet noma usuvele ukule ndawo yomlando, ungakwazi ukuhamba kalula uye e-Hagia Sophia. Le ndawo ihambisana kakhulu nabahamba ngezinyawo futhi inikeza izinto eziningi ezikhangayo endleleni.
Ngebhayisekili
- ibhayisikili: Kumabanga amafushane noma uma useduze, ukuhamba ngebhayisikili kungaba inketho emnandi.
Ngenkampani yangasese yokuvakasha
- Ukuvakasha okuqondisiwe: Izinkampani eziningi zokuhamba e-Istanbul zinikeza izinkambo eziqondisiwe, ezivame ukufaka uHagia Sophia. Le nketho ilungile uma ungafuni ukukhathazeka ngokuhlela uhambo lwakho.
Amathiphu okufika lapho
- Uncamela ezokuthutha zomphakathi: Ngenxa yesiminyaminya e-Istanbul, kuvame ukusebenziseka kakhulu ukusebenzisa izithuthi zomphakathi.
- I-Istanbulkart: I-Istanbulkart, ithikithi lezokuthutha zomphakathi elishajwa kabusha, kungaba inketho engabizi futhi elula.
- ukuhlela uhambo: Cabangela izikhathi eziphezulu zethrafikhi ukuze ugweme ukubambezeleka.
I-Hagia Sophia ifinyeleleka kalula ngenxa yendawo yayo emaphakathi e-Sultanahmet nezixhumanisi zokuhamba ezinhle. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhamba ngezithuthi zomphakathi, ngezinyawo noma ngetekisi, ukuvakashela lesi simangaliso sezakhiwo nezomlando kuyadingeka kuso sonke isivakashi sase-Istanbul.
Isiphetho ngoHagia Sophia
I-Hagia Sophia ese-Istanbul ime njengobuciko bobuciko obukhulu futhi iwuphawu lwezingqimba zomlando ezilolonge leli dolobha emakhulwini eminyaka edlule. Eyakhiwe ekuqaleni njenge-basilica, yabe isiguqulwa yaba i-mosque futhi ekugcineni yamemezela imnyuziyamu ngaphambi kokubuyela ukuze isetshenziswe njenge-mosque, u-Hagia Sophia ubonisa amathonya ahlukahlukene amasiko nenkolo ahlangana e-Istanbul. I-dome yayo ehlaba umxhwele kanye nemidwebo ewubukhazikhazi kuwubufakazi bobunjiniyela nobuciko baseByzantium. I-Hagia Sophia ayiyona nje isimangaliso sezakhiwo, kodwa futhi iyindawo yokuthula nokuzindla phakathi kokuphila kwedolobha elimatasa. Iheha izivakashi ezivela emhlabeni wonke futhi inikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngezikhathi zomlando eziyinkimbinkimbi ezakha idolobha. UHagia Sophia usewuphawu olubalulekile lwase-Istanbul kanye nobufakazi obuphilayo bomlando ocebile wedolobha.
ikheli: Hagia Sophia, Ayasofya Camii, Sultan Ahmet, Ayasofya Meydanı No:1, 34122 Fatih/İstanbul, Turkey
